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TAMU Computer Networks 1 Introduction

2018-04-18

Preliminaries

Winsock

Parts are identical to Berkeley sockets in Unix.

Initialization

  1. Should be done before other winsock calls.
  2. Once per program.
#include <Winsock2.h>
WSADATA wsaData;
WORD wVersionRequested = MAKEWORD(2,2);
if (WSAStartup(wVersionRequested, &wsaData) != 0)
{
printf("WSAStartup error %d\n", WSAGetLastError());
WSACleanup();
return;
}

Client

Steps for TCP:

  • Open a socket
  • Determine the IP address of the server in URL
    • Check if host is IP address, inet_addr(host)
    • If not, do DNS lookup, gethostbyname(host)
  • Initiate connection with the server, IP and port
    • Convert port to network byte order
  • Send request
  • Receive response
    • Until receive 0 byte.
  • Close socket

Note that all numbers must be in network byte order (MSB first). Convert two-way using

  • host to network, htons(), htonl()
  • network to host, ntohs(), ntohl()

Introduction

Internet

Component:

  • Edge: Hosts (end systems)
  • Core
    • Routers, forward packets
    • Communication links

Internet standards:

  • IETF, Internet Engineering Task Force
  • RFC: Request for comments

The architecture is roughly hierarchical

  • Center: tier-1 ISPs
    • as backbone of the Internet
    • interconnect at public NAPs (network access points)
    • Level3, Sprint, AT&T, Verizon
  • tier-2
    • customers of tier-1
  • tier-3 and local

Delay

4 sources:

  1. Router processing delay
    • check bit error
    • determine output link
    • place packet in buffer
  2. queuing delay
    • at output link
    • depends on congestion level
  3. Transmission delay
    • fire packet out (, packet length, link rate)
  4. Propagation delay

queuing delay increase exponentially as traffic rate approaches link bandwidth

Traceroute

  • traceroute
  • tracert in windows
  1. Send 3 packets for each router along the path to destination.
  2. Routers return responses to the sender.
  3. Sender times intervals.

Packet loss

  1. Queues have finite capacity.
  2. Drop-tail queuing at routers

Protocol Stack

  1. Application
    • interact with users
    • FTP, SMTP, HTTP
    • message
  2. Transport
    • inter-process data transfer
    • TCP, UDP
    • segment
  3. Network
    • routing of datagrams from source to destination host
    • IP, routing protocols
    • datagram
  4. Link
    • data transfer between neighboring network elements
    • Ethernet
    • frame
  5. Physical
    • bits on wire

Reference

This is my class notes while taking CSCE 612 at TAMU. Credit to the instructor Dr. Loguinov.

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